1941 Hong Kong On Fire

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Hong Kong 1941 details the Japanese occupation of HK in 1941 and the effect it has on one family. Basically, a family (including sisters Chingmy Yau. 又名： 魔鬼女集中营 / 1941 Hong Kong on Fire 标签：剧情 喜剧 战争 导演：钱文锜 主演：庹宗华 邱淑贞 叶玉卿 罗家英 陈少霞 陈国邦 谷峰 徐锦江 李华月 地区：香港 语言： 年份：未知 豆瓣评分： 6.4.

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.Other campaigns.Contemporaneous wars.The Battle of Hong Kong (8–25 December 1941), also known as the Defence of Hong Kong and the Fall of Hong Kong, was one of the first battles of the in. On the same morning as the, forces of the attacked the British of. The attack was in violation of international law as Japan had not declared war against the. The Hong Kong garrison consisted of, and units besides Chinese soldiers and conscripts from both within and outside Hong Kong.Locations which played an important role in setting the pace of military operations during December 1941 include, the trench and tunnel complex in the, (also spelt as Lye Moon or ), (Quarry Bay), (Wong Nai Chung Gap), (Tai Tam Gap & Reservoirs),.

Coastal defence batteries including those at, Saiwan, Belchers, Jubilee Hill, Bokara, and Stanley provided artillery support for ground operations until they were put out of action or surrendered.Within a week the defenders abandoned the mainland and less than two weeks later, with their position on the island untenable, the colony surrendered. Indian gunners manning a at Mount Davis Battery on Hong Kong IslandDuring World War II, soldiers of the Indian Army were involved in the Battle of Hong Kong. The 5/7 Rajput Regiment took up garrison at Hong Kong in June 1937 followed by the 2/14 Punjab in November 1940. Indian troops were also incorporated within several overseas regiments as for example the Hong Kong Singapore Royal Artillery Regiment which had Indian (Sikh) gunners.

The Hong Kong Mule Corps was staffed almost entirely by Dogras and Punjabi Muslims. Medical personnel from the Indian Medical Service tended to those injured in combat. Ex-servicemen from India serving as security guards in Hong Kong also suffered 'appallingly huge' casualties.Two of the three battalions stationed at the Gin Drinkers Line were from the: the in the centre section and the in the eastern sector. The were assigned to the western sector. When Mainland Infantry Brigade was ordered to retreat to Hong Kong Island, the Rajputs were tasked with defending the North East sector and Punjab to the North West sector including Victoria City (Hong Kong city).

Royal Scots were reassigned to the Wanchai Filter Beds.Details regarding the involvement of military personnel from the Indian subcontinent in the Battle of Hong Kong has been published in 'Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War, 1939–45. Campaigns in South-East Asia, 1941–42. Hong Kong, Malaya and Sarawak & Borneo.'

Which draws significantly from the UK War Office reports which appeared in No.38183 'Operations in the Far East, from 17th October 1940 to 27th December 1941' (Despatch by Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, Commander-in-Chief, Far East) and London Gazette No.38190 'Operations in Hong Kong from 8th to 25th December 1941' (Despatch by Major-General C. Six weeks before the battle, a Canadian contingent arrives to reinforce the garrison.In late 1941, the British government accepted an offer by the Canadian Government to send a battalion of the (from ) and one of the (from ) and a brigade headquarters (1,975 personnel) to reinforce the Hong Kong garrison. 'C Force', as it was known, arrived on 16 November on board the and the. A total of 96 officers, two Auxiliary Services supervisors and 1,877 other ranks disembarked. Included were two medical officers and two nurses ( to the regimental medical officers), two Canadian Dental Corps officers with assistants, three chaplains and a detachment of the Canadian Postal Corps. A soldier of the (RCAMC), had stowed away and was sent back to Canada.C Force never received its vehicles as the US merchant ship San Jose carrying them was, at the outbreak of the Pacific War, diverted to, in the, at the request of the US Government. The Royal Rifles had served only in the and, prior to posting to Hong Kong and the Winnipeg Grenadiers had been deployed to.

Few Canadian soldiers had field experience, but were near fully equipped, except for having only two anti-tank rifles and no ammunition for and mortars or for signal pistols, deficiencies which the British undertook to remedy in Hong Kong, although not at once. Royal Navy The Royal Navy presence at Hong Kong was little more than a token display of defence, with three World War 1 vintage destroyers (two of which withdrew at the battle's beginning), four slow river gunboats, a new but almost unarmed minelayer and the 2nd Motor Torpedo Boat Flotilla. In the face of the overwhelming Japanese air and naval superiority there was little that could be done;, and the MTBs all made attacks and between them managed to sink several small Japanese manned craft and break up some road convoys but met with mixed fortunes: Thracian running around to be captured and Cicala eventually succumbing to air attack on the 21st. The remaining assorted ships were scuttled in harbour except five of the MTBs which managed to escape.Royal Marines During the battle of Hong Kong, there were 40 Royal Marines attached to (a shore station). When the battle began, the Royal Marines fought against Japanese force in Magazine Gap, alongside HKVDC and Royal Engineers.

Commanding officer, Major Giles RM instructed his men to defend the island 'to the last man and last round'. Royal Air Force The RAF station at Hong Kong's had only five aeroplanes: two and three out-dated torpedo-reconnaissance bombers, flown and serviced by seven officers and 108 airmen.

An earlier request for a fighter squadron had been rejected and the nearest fully operational RAF base was in, nearly 2,250 km (1,400 mi) away.Other forces The Military Mission to Hong Kong, initiated in 1938, was headed by Rear Admiral and his aide Lieutenant Commander; it had the objective of coordinating war aims with the British in Hong Kong. Working with the British police, Chak organized pro-British agents among the population and rooted out triad factions sympathetic to the Japanese. On Christmas morning, Young informed Chak of his intent to surrender. Chak intended to break out and was given command of the five remaining; 68 men, including Chak, Hsu, and were successfully evacuated to where they contacted Nationalist guerrillas and were escorted to Huizhou.

For this feat Chak was made an honorary.A squad of under Captain Jacques Egal happened to be in Hong Kong when the battle broke out and fought alongside the HKVDC at the North Point power station; they were all World War I veterans (as were the local HKVDC) and acquitted themselves well. Battle 8 December 1941.

Canadian infantry in Hong Kong with aThe Japanese attack began shortly after 08:00 on 8 December 1941 , four hours after the (difference in time and date is due to the day shift that occurs because of the ). Commanded by Major-General, British, as well as the local, and the, resisted the Japanese attack by the Japanese 21st, 23rd and the 38th Regiments (Lieutenant General ) but were outnumbered nearly four to one (Japanese, 50,000; Allied, 14,000) and lacked their opponents' recent combat experience. The colony had no significant air defence. Hong Kong also lacked adequate naval defences; the were to withdraw to. Kowloon and New Territories The Japanese bombed Kai Tak Airport on 8 December. Two of the three Vildebeest and the two Walruses were destroyed by 12 Japanese bombers.

The attack also destroyed several civil aircraft including all but two of the aircraft used by the air unit of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corp. The RAF and air unit personnel from then fought on as ground troops. Two of the Royal Navy's three remaining destroyers were ordered to leave Hong Kong for Singapore.

Only one destroyer, several gunboats and a flotilla of motor torpedo boats remained. On 8, 9, and 10 December, eight American pilots of the (CNAC) and their crews flew 16 sorties between Kai Tak Airport and landing fields in Namyung and (Chungking), the wartime capital of the. The crews evacuated 275 persons including, the widow of and the Chinese Finance Minister.The Commonwealth forces decided against holding the and instead established three battalions on the Gin Drinkers' Line across the hills. The Japanese 38th Infantry Division under the command of Major General Takaishi Sakai quickly forded the Sham Chun River over temporary bridges. Early on 10 December, the 228th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Teihichi) of the 38th Division attacked the Commonwealth defences at the Shing Mun Redoubt defended by the A Company of 2nd Battalion Royal Scots (Lieutenant Colonel S. The line was breached in five hours and later that day the Royal Scots also withdrew from Golden Hill until D company of the Royal Scots counter-attacked and re-captured the hill. By 10:00 the hill was again taken by the Japanese.

This made the situation on the New Territories and untenable and the evacuation to started on 11 December, under aerial bombardment and artillery fire. As much as possible, military and harbour facilities were demolished before the withdrawal. By 13 December, the 5/7 of the Indian Army (Lieutenant Colonel R. Cadogan-Rawlinson), the last Commonwealth troops on the mainland, had retreated to Hong Kong Island. Hong Kong Island.

Japanese troops inMaltby organised the defence of the island, splitting it between an East Brigade and a West Brigade. On 15 December, the Japanese began systematic bombardment of the island's North Shore. Two demands for surrender were made on 13 and 17 December.

When these were rejected, Japanese forces crossed the harbour on the evening of 18 December and landed on the island's north-east. They suffered only light casualties, although no effective command could be maintained until the dawn came. That night, approximately 20 Commonwealth gunners were executed at the Battery despite having surrendered. There was a further massacre of prisoners, this time of medical staff, in the Salesian Mission on Chai Wan Road.

In both cases, a few men survived.On the morning of 19 December fierce fighting continued on Hong Kong Island but the Japanese annihilated the headquarters of West Brigade, causing the death of Brigadier, the commander of the West Brigade. A British counter-attack could not force them from the that secured the passage between the north coast at Causeway Bay and the secluded southern parts of the island. From 20 December, the island became split in two with the British Commonwealth forces still holding out around the Stanley peninsula and in the west of the island. At the same time, water supplies started to run short as the Japanese captured the island's reservoirs. On the morning of 25 December, Japanese soldiers entered the British field hospital at and in the tortured and killed a large number of injured soldiers, along with the medical staff.By the afternoon of 25 December 1941, it was clear that further resistance would be futile and British colonial officials headed by the, Sir, surrendered in person at the Japanese headquarters on the third floor of the.

This was the first occasion on which a British had surrendered to an invading force. ( fell to the Italians in August 1940 but this was a protectorate.) The garrison had held out for 17 days. This day is known in Hong Kong as 'Black Christmas'. Massacres. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( January 2020) Sai Wan Hill Perhaps as many as 28 people were massacred after the fight for.

These men were members of the 5th Anti-Aircraft Battery of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps (HKVDC). Salesian Mission At there was a being used as an Advanced Dressing Station. On the night of 18 December it was surrounded by troops of the 229th Infantry Regiment. At 07:00 on 19 December, Captain Martin Banfill of the Canadian Medical Corps surrendered the station.

Two injured officers of the were murdered upon arrival in an ambulance. The Japanese separated the male medical staff from the female (two nurses, whose lives were spared). All but three of the men were killed, most of the victims were of the but also at least two men of the Royal Rifles of Canada and two civilians. Causeway Bay Three captured persons were executed at, including a female air raid warden with the local (ARP).Wong Nai Chung Gap At, ten men of the were killed, as well as a policeman and a medic.Jardine's Lookout. British near Jardine's LookoutFour men each of the 3rd Company HKVDC and the Winnipeg Grenadiers were massacred after battle at. One grenadier, a Private Kilfoyle, was killed on the forced march to, according to witnesses.Black Hole of Hong Kong Four men were killed in the so-called 'Black Hole of Hong Kong' (a house on Blue Pool Road), including two Canadian officers.Blue Pool Road Around thirty civilians of different ethnicities were massacred at.

The Ridge, Overbays and Eucliffe In the worst massacre of POWs of the battle, the Japanese killed at least 47 after taking The Ridge. Among the dead was Major Charles Sydney Clarke of HQ, two men of the 12th and 20th Coastal Regiments of the (RA), six men of the (RASC) and two of the (RCASC), nineteen men of the (RAOC) and three of the (RCOC) and fourteen men of the RASC Company of the HKVDC.The Japanese also executed at least fourteen captives at, men of the same units as at The Ridge but also including three Royal Rifles of Canada and an officer of the 1st Battalion,. A further seven were killed at and another 36 known victims cannot be placed precisely at one of the three locations (Ridge, Overbays, Eucliffe). Ride, who was present at the surrender, stated later that he saw fifty bodies lying by the road, including six Middlesex men among them. These men may have been some of those attached to the Hong Kong Chinese Regiment.

The report also states that five men of the went missing near The Ridge on 20 December, perhaps captured and killed.Deepwater Bay Ride Six men of the Middlesex were killed defending 14 at (Lyon Light). It is uncertain whether they were killed in action, or murdered after capture.St Stephen's College. Main article:The massacre perpetrated at is the least well known. Only thirteen victims can be confirmed at the location but reports and estimates put the real number as high as 99.

The names of all the reported victims may never be known. Between 75 and 150 bodies were cremated by the victors in the aftermath of the battle but this total includes the victims of the fighting around Stanley Fort, such as the men of 965 Defence Battery. Although it is the 'most infamous massacre', it 'has been the hardest to match with records'. Three British and four Chinese nurses were said to have been raped and murdered and one Canadian, Captain Overton Stark Hickey of the RCASC, murdered trying to stop the rapes. Besides the raped nurses, the medical staff suffered two deaths, a doctor shot in the head whilst attempting escape and 25 orderlies of the (IHC) and St John Ambulance personnel.

The 55 St John victims of the battle of Hong Kong are memorialised at the present headquarters in Hong Kong but since no dates are given on the memorial it is impossible to identify those killed at St Stephen's. Four Chinese servants and one civilian, Tam Cheung Huen, were killed. Tam is the only Chinese victim of this massacre known by name. Among the soldiers receiving treatment at the college, two riflemen were mutilated and murdered and a further 56 men were reportedly bayoneted in their beds.

Some of these men may have been Royal Rifles whose deaths are incorrectly reported as occurring elsewhere on 26 December.Maryknoll Mission At least eight men—six of the Middlesex and two —were killed after capture at. Four members of the 8th Coastal Regiment RA may have been killed here as well; estimates of the number of men murdered vary from 11 to 16.Brick Hill Twenty-six prisoners are believed to have been killed after the fighting for but some of these may have died in the fight, including some of the seventeen men of the Heavy Anti-Aircraft, (HKSRA) known to have died there. Most of the soldiers here murdered were Muslims, including one religious teacher.Aftermath Casualties The Japanese had at least 1,895 men killed of an estimated 6,000 casualties. Allied casualties were 1,111 men killed, 1,167 missing and 1,362 wounded (sources vary, 1,045 killed, 1,068 missing and 2,300 wounded has also been given). Allied dead, including British, Canadian and Indian soldiers, were eventually interred at and the. C Force casualties in the battle were 23 officers and 267 other ranks killed or died of wounds, including five officers and 16 other ranks of the brigade headquarters, seven officers and 123 men of the Royal Rifles and 11 officers and 128 men of the Winnipeg Grenadiers. C Force also had 28 officers and 465 men wounded.

Some of the dead were murdered by Japanese soldiers during or after surrender. Japanese soldiers committed a number of atrocities on 19 December, when the aid post at the Salesian Mission near Sau Ki Wan was overrun. A total of 1,528 soldiers, mainly (predominantly Indians and Canadians), are either buried or commemorated there. There are also graves of other Allied combatants who died in the region during the war, including some Dutch sailors who were re-interred in Hong Kong after the war.The nearby Sai Wan Battery, with buildings constructed as far back as 1890, housed the Depot and Record Office of the for nearly four decades after the war. The barracks were handed over to the government in 1985 and were subsequently converted into.At the end of February 1942, The Japanese government stated that numbers of in Hong Kong were: British 5,072, Canadian 1,689, Indian 3,829, others 357, a total of 10,947. They were sent to:. for officers.

primarily for Canadians and Royal Navy. Camp for Indian soldiers.

in Japan. in Japan. in JapanOf the Canadians captured during the battle, 267 subsequently perished in Japanese prisoner of war camps, mainly due to neglect and abuse. In December 2011, Toshiyuki Kato, Japan's parliamentary vice-minister for foreign affairs, apologised for the mistreatment to a group of Canadian veterans of the Battle of Hong Kong.Civilians were interned at the. Initially, there were 2,400 internees although this number was reduced, by repatriations during the war.

Interned persons who died and prisoners executed by the Japanese are buried in Stanley Military Cemetery.Subsequent operations. Dongjiang guerillas fighting inbecame the first Japanese governor of Hong Kong. This ushered in the three years and eight months of Imperial Japanese administration. During the over three and a half years of occupation by the Japanese, an estimated 10,000 Hong Kong civilians were executed, while many others were tortured, raped, or mutilated.

The, a mix of Hakka, Cantonese and other Han Chinese groups, waged a guerrilla war with limited success. The were known as the Gangjiu and Dongjiang forces. The Japanese razed several villages in reprisal; the guerillas fought until the end of the Japanese occupation. General Takashi Sakai, who led the invasion of Hong Kong and served as governor for some time, was tried as a war criminal and executed by a firing squad in 1946.

Awards. Memorial plaque dedicated to all the defenders of Hong Kong in December 1941 through John Robert Osborn and to commemorate the British Garrison at Hong Kong. (2 January 1899 – 19 December 1941) was awarded the. After seeing a Japanese grenade roll in through the doorway of the building Osborn and his fellow Canadian Winnipeg Grenadiers had been garrisoning, he took off his helmet and threw himself on the grenade, saving the lives of over 10 other Canadian soldiers. He was born in Norfolk, England.

was a posthumously awarded the, the 'animals' Victoria Cross', in 2000 for his deeds in World War II, the first such award in over 50 years. He picked up a thrown Japanese hand grenade and rushed with it toward the enemy, dying in the ensuing explosion but saving the lives of several wounded Canadian soldiers. Colonel, Captain and Flight Lieutenant were awarded the for the gallantry they showed in resisting Japanese torture in the immediate aftermath of the battle. The men had been captured and were in the process of planning a mass escape by British forces. Their plan was discovered but they refused to disclose information under torture and were shot by firing squad.Commemoration. TheThe in commemorates the defence as well as war-dead from the First World War. The shield in the colonial granted in 1959, featured the battlement design to commemorate the defence of Hong Kong during the Second World War.

This Coat of Arms was in place until 1997, when it was replaced by the regional emblem. After the war, Lei Yue Mun Fort became a training ground for the British Forces until 1987, when it was vacated. In view of its historical significance and unique architectural features, the former decided in 1993 to conserve and develop the fort into the.

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10 December 2011. P. 2.Websites. Linton, Suzannah. The University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 4 April 2017.Further reading. Banham, Tony (2009).

We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong's Defenders Imprisoned, 1942–1945. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

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Hong Kong 1941 details the Japanese occupation of HK in 1941 and the effect it has on one family. Basically, a family (including sisters Chingmy Yau. 又名： 魔鬼女集中营 / 1941 Hong Kong on Fire 标签：剧情 喜剧 战争 导演：钱文锜 主演：庹宗华 邱淑贞 叶玉卿 罗家英 陈少霞 陈国邦 谷峰 徐锦江 李华月 地区：香港 语言： 年份：未知 豆瓣评分： 6.4.

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.Other campaigns.Contemporaneous wars.The Battle of Hong Kong (8–25 December 1941), also known as the Defence of Hong Kong and the Fall of Hong Kong, was one of the first battles of the in. On the same morning as the, forces of the attacked the British of. The attack was in violation of international law as Japan had not declared war against the. The Hong Kong garrison consisted of, and units besides Chinese soldiers and conscripts from both within and outside Hong Kong.Locations which played an important role in setting the pace of military operations during December 1941 include, the trench and tunnel complex in the, (also spelt as Lye Moon or ), (Quarry Bay), (Wong Nai Chung Gap), (Tai Tam Gap & Reservoirs),.

Coastal defence batteries including those at, Saiwan, Belchers, Jubilee Hill, Bokara, and Stanley provided artillery support for ground operations until they were put out of action or surrendered.Within a week the defenders abandoned the mainland and less than two weeks later, with their position on the island untenable, the colony surrendered. Indian gunners manning a at Mount Davis Battery on Hong Kong IslandDuring World War II, soldiers of the Indian Army were involved in the Battle of Hong Kong. The 5/7 Rajput Regiment took up garrison at Hong Kong in June 1937 followed by the 2/14 Punjab in November 1940. Indian troops were also incorporated within several overseas regiments as for example the Hong Kong Singapore Royal Artillery Regiment which had Indian (Sikh) gunners.

The Hong Kong Mule Corps was staffed almost entirely by Dogras and Punjabi Muslims. Medical personnel from the Indian Medical Service tended to those injured in combat. Ex-servicemen from India serving as security guards in Hong Kong also suffered 'appallingly huge' casualties.Two of the three battalions stationed at the Gin Drinkers Line were from the: the in the centre section and the in the eastern sector. The were assigned to the western sector. When Mainland Infantry Brigade was ordered to retreat to Hong Kong Island, the Rajputs were tasked with defending the North East sector and Punjab to the North West sector including Victoria City (Hong Kong city).

Royal Scots were reassigned to the Wanchai Filter Beds.Details regarding the involvement of military personnel from the Indian subcontinent in the Battle of Hong Kong has been published in 'Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War, 1939–45. Campaigns in South-East Asia, 1941–42. Hong Kong, Malaya and Sarawak & Borneo.'

Which draws significantly from the UK War Office reports which appeared in No.38183 'Operations in the Far East, from 17th October 1940 to 27th December 1941' (Despatch by Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, Commander-in-Chief, Far East) and London Gazette No.38190 'Operations in Hong Kong from 8th to 25th December 1941' (Despatch by Major-General C. Six weeks before the battle, a Canadian contingent arrives to reinforce the garrison.In late 1941, the British government accepted an offer by the Canadian Government to send a battalion of the (from ) and one of the (from ) and a brigade headquarters (1,975 personnel) to reinforce the Hong Kong garrison. 'C Force', as it was known, arrived on 16 November on board the and the. A total of 96 officers, two Auxiliary Services supervisors and 1,877 other ranks disembarked. Included were two medical officers and two nurses ( to the regimental medical officers), two Canadian Dental Corps officers with assistants, three chaplains and a detachment of the Canadian Postal Corps. A soldier of the (RCAMC), had stowed away and was sent back to Canada.C Force never received its vehicles as the US merchant ship San Jose carrying them was, at the outbreak of the Pacific War, diverted to, in the, at the request of the US Government. The Royal Rifles had served only in the and, prior to posting to Hong Kong and the Winnipeg Grenadiers had been deployed to.

Few Canadian soldiers had field experience, but were near fully equipped, except for having only two anti-tank rifles and no ammunition for and mortars or for signal pistols, deficiencies which the British undertook to remedy in Hong Kong, although not at once. Royal Navy The Royal Navy presence at Hong Kong was little more than a token display of defence, with three World War 1 vintage destroyers (two of which withdrew at the battle's beginning), four slow river gunboats, a new but almost unarmed minelayer and the 2nd Motor Torpedo Boat Flotilla. In the face of the overwhelming Japanese air and naval superiority there was little that could be done;, and the MTBs all made attacks and between them managed to sink several small Japanese manned craft and break up some road convoys but met with mixed fortunes: Thracian running around to be captured and Cicala eventually succumbing to air attack on the 21st. The remaining assorted ships were scuttled in harbour except five of the MTBs which managed to escape.Royal Marines During the battle of Hong Kong, there were 40 Royal Marines attached to (a shore station). When the battle began, the Royal Marines fought against Japanese force in Magazine Gap, alongside HKVDC and Royal Engineers.

Commanding officer, Major Giles RM instructed his men to defend the island 'to the last man and last round'. Royal Air Force The RAF station at Hong Kong's had only five aeroplanes: two and three out-dated torpedo-reconnaissance bombers, flown and serviced by seven officers and 108 airmen.

An earlier request for a fighter squadron had been rejected and the nearest fully operational RAF base was in, nearly 2,250 km (1,400 mi) away.Other forces The Military Mission to Hong Kong, initiated in 1938, was headed by Rear Admiral and his aide Lieutenant Commander; it had the objective of coordinating war aims with the British in Hong Kong. Working with the British police, Chak organized pro-British agents among the population and rooted out triad factions sympathetic to the Japanese. On Christmas morning, Young informed Chak of his intent to surrender. Chak intended to break out and was given command of the five remaining; 68 men, including Chak, Hsu, and were successfully evacuated to where they contacted Nationalist guerrillas and were escorted to Huizhou.

For this feat Chak was made an honorary.A squad of under Captain Jacques Egal happened to be in Hong Kong when the battle broke out and fought alongside the HKVDC at the North Point power station; they were all World War I veterans (as were the local HKVDC) and acquitted themselves well. Battle 8 December 1941.

Canadian infantry in Hong Kong with aThe Japanese attack began shortly after 08:00 on 8 December 1941 , four hours after the (difference in time and date is due to the day shift that occurs because of the ). Commanded by Major-General, British, as well as the local, and the, resisted the Japanese attack by the Japanese 21st, 23rd and the 38th Regiments (Lieutenant General ) but were outnumbered nearly four to one (Japanese, 50,000; Allied, 14,000) and lacked their opponents' recent combat experience. The colony had no significant air defence. Hong Kong also lacked adequate naval defences; the were to withdraw to. Kowloon and New Territories The Japanese bombed Kai Tak Airport on 8 December. Two of the three Vildebeest and the two Walruses were destroyed by 12 Japanese bombers.

The attack also destroyed several civil aircraft including all but two of the aircraft used by the air unit of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corp. The RAF and air unit personnel from then fought on as ground troops. Two of the Royal Navy's three remaining destroyers were ordered to leave Hong Kong for Singapore.

Only one destroyer, several gunboats and a flotilla of motor torpedo boats remained. On 8, 9, and 10 December, eight American pilots of the (CNAC) and their crews flew 16 sorties between Kai Tak Airport and landing fields in Namyung and (Chungking), the wartime capital of the. The crews evacuated 275 persons including, the widow of and the Chinese Finance Minister.The Commonwealth forces decided against holding the and instead established three battalions on the Gin Drinkers' Line across the hills. The Japanese 38th Infantry Division under the command of Major General Takaishi Sakai quickly forded the Sham Chun River over temporary bridges. Early on 10 December, the 228th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Teihichi) of the 38th Division attacked the Commonwealth defences at the Shing Mun Redoubt defended by the A Company of 2nd Battalion Royal Scots (Lieutenant Colonel S. The line was breached in five hours and later that day the Royal Scots also withdrew from Golden Hill until D company of the Royal Scots counter-attacked and re-captured the hill. By 10:00 the hill was again taken by the Japanese.

This made the situation on the New Territories and untenable and the evacuation to started on 11 December, under aerial bombardment and artillery fire. As much as possible, military and harbour facilities were demolished before the withdrawal. By 13 December, the 5/7 of the Indian Army (Lieutenant Colonel R. Cadogan-Rawlinson), the last Commonwealth troops on the mainland, had retreated to Hong Kong Island. Hong Kong Island.

Japanese troops inMaltby organised the defence of the island, splitting it between an East Brigade and a West Brigade. On 15 December, the Japanese began systematic bombardment of the island's North Shore. Two demands for surrender were made on 13 and 17 December.

When these were rejected, Japanese forces crossed the harbour on the evening of 18 December and landed on the island's north-east. They suffered only light casualties, although no effective command could be maintained until the dawn came. That night, approximately 20 Commonwealth gunners were executed at the Battery despite having surrendered. There was a further massacre of prisoners, this time of medical staff, in the Salesian Mission on Chai Wan Road.

In both cases, a few men survived.On the morning of 19 December fierce fighting continued on Hong Kong Island but the Japanese annihilated the headquarters of West Brigade, causing the death of Brigadier, the commander of the West Brigade. A British counter-attack could not force them from the that secured the passage between the north coast at Causeway Bay and the secluded southern parts of the island. From 20 December, the island became split in two with the British Commonwealth forces still holding out around the Stanley peninsula and in the west of the island. At the same time, water supplies started to run short as the Japanese captured the island's reservoirs. On the morning of 25 December, Japanese soldiers entered the British field hospital at and in the tortured and killed a large number of injured soldiers, along with the medical staff.By the afternoon of 25 December 1941, it was clear that further resistance would be futile and British colonial officials headed by the, Sir, surrendered in person at the Japanese headquarters on the third floor of the.

This was the first occasion on which a British had surrendered to an invading force. ( fell to the Italians in August 1940 but this was a protectorate.) The garrison had held out for 17 days. This day is known in Hong Kong as 'Black Christmas'. Massacres. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( January 2020) Sai Wan Hill Perhaps as many as 28 people were massacred after the fight for.

These men were members of the 5th Anti-Aircraft Battery of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps (HKVDC). Salesian Mission At there was a being used as an Advanced Dressing Station. On the night of 18 December it was surrounded by troops of the 229th Infantry Regiment. At 07:00 on 19 December, Captain Martin Banfill of the Canadian Medical Corps surrendered the station.

Two injured officers of the were murdered upon arrival in an ambulance. The Japanese separated the male medical staff from the female (two nurses, whose lives were spared). All but three of the men were killed, most of the victims were of the but also at least two men of the Royal Rifles of Canada and two civilians. Causeway Bay Three captured persons were executed at, including a female air raid warden with the local (ARP).Wong Nai Chung Gap At, ten men of the were killed, as well as a policeman and a medic.Jardine's Lookout. British near Jardine's LookoutFour men each of the 3rd Company HKVDC and the Winnipeg Grenadiers were massacred after battle at. One grenadier, a Private Kilfoyle, was killed on the forced march to, according to witnesses.Black Hole of Hong Kong Four men were killed in the so-called 'Black Hole of Hong Kong' (a house on Blue Pool Road), including two Canadian officers.Blue Pool Road Around thirty civilians of different ethnicities were massacred at.

The Ridge, Overbays and Eucliffe In the worst massacre of POWs of the battle, the Japanese killed at least 47 after taking The Ridge. Among the dead was Major Charles Sydney Clarke of HQ, two men of the 12th and 20th Coastal Regiments of the (RA), six men of the (RASC) and two of the (RCASC), nineteen men of the (RAOC) and three of the (RCOC) and fourteen men of the RASC Company of the HKVDC.The Japanese also executed at least fourteen captives at, men of the same units as at The Ridge but also including three Royal Rifles of Canada and an officer of the 1st Battalion,. A further seven were killed at and another 36 known victims cannot be placed precisely at one of the three locations (Ridge, Overbays, Eucliffe). Ride, who was present at the surrender, stated later that he saw fifty bodies lying by the road, including six Middlesex men among them. These men may have been some of those attached to the Hong Kong Chinese Regiment.

The report also states that five men of the went missing near The Ridge on 20 December, perhaps captured and killed.Deepwater Bay Ride Six men of the Middlesex were killed defending 14 at (Lyon Light). It is uncertain whether they were killed in action, or murdered after capture.St Stephen's College. Main article:The massacre perpetrated at is the least well known. Only thirteen victims can be confirmed at the location but reports and estimates put the real number as high as 99.

The names of all the reported victims may never be known. Between 75 and 150 bodies were cremated by the victors in the aftermath of the battle but this total includes the victims of the fighting around Stanley Fort, such as the men of 965 Defence Battery. Although it is the 'most infamous massacre', it 'has been the hardest to match with records'. Three British and four Chinese nurses were said to have been raped and murdered and one Canadian, Captain Overton Stark Hickey of the RCASC, murdered trying to stop the rapes. Besides the raped nurses, the medical staff suffered two deaths, a doctor shot in the head whilst attempting escape and 25 orderlies of the (IHC) and St John Ambulance personnel.

The 55 St John victims of the battle of Hong Kong are memorialised at the present headquarters in Hong Kong but since no dates are given on the memorial it is impossible to identify those killed at St Stephen's. Four Chinese servants and one civilian, Tam Cheung Huen, were killed. Tam is the only Chinese victim of this massacre known by name. Among the soldiers receiving treatment at the college, two riflemen were mutilated and murdered and a further 56 men were reportedly bayoneted in their beds.

Some of these men may have been Royal Rifles whose deaths are incorrectly reported as occurring elsewhere on 26 December.Maryknoll Mission At least eight men—six of the Middlesex and two —were killed after capture at. Four members of the 8th Coastal Regiment RA may have been killed here as well; estimates of the number of men murdered vary from 11 to 16.Brick Hill Twenty-six prisoners are believed to have been killed after the fighting for but some of these may have died in the fight, including some of the seventeen men of the Heavy Anti-Aircraft, (HKSRA) known to have died there. Most of the soldiers here murdered were Muslims, including one religious teacher.Aftermath Casualties The Japanese had at least 1,895 men killed of an estimated 6,000 casualties. Allied casualties were 1,111 men killed, 1,167 missing and 1,362 wounded (sources vary, 1,045 killed, 1,068 missing and 2,300 wounded has also been given). Allied dead, including British, Canadian and Indian soldiers, were eventually interred at and the. C Force casualties in the battle were 23 officers and 267 other ranks killed or died of wounds, including five officers and 16 other ranks of the brigade headquarters, seven officers and 123 men of the Royal Rifles and 11 officers and 128 men of the Winnipeg Grenadiers. C Force also had 28 officers and 465 men wounded.

Some of the dead were murdered by Japanese soldiers during or after surrender. Japanese soldiers committed a number of atrocities on 19 December, when the aid post at the Salesian Mission near Sau Ki Wan was overrun. A total of 1,528 soldiers, mainly (predominantly Indians and Canadians), are either buried or commemorated there. There are also graves of other Allied combatants who died in the region during the war, including some Dutch sailors who were re-interred in Hong Kong after the war.The nearby Sai Wan Battery, with buildings constructed as far back as 1890, housed the Depot and Record Office of the for nearly four decades after the war. The barracks were handed over to the government in 1985 and were subsequently converted into.At the end of February 1942, The Japanese government stated that numbers of in Hong Kong were: British 5,072, Canadian 1,689, Indian 3,829, others 357, a total of 10,947. They were sent to:. for officers.

primarily for Canadians and Royal Navy. Camp for Indian soldiers.

in Japan. in Japan. in JapanOf the Canadians captured during the battle, 267 subsequently perished in Japanese prisoner of war camps, mainly due to neglect and abuse. In December 2011, Toshiyuki Kato, Japan's parliamentary vice-minister for foreign affairs, apologised for the mistreatment to a group of Canadian veterans of the Battle of Hong Kong.Civilians were interned at the. Initially, there were 2,400 internees although this number was reduced, by repatriations during the war.

Interned persons who died and prisoners executed by the Japanese are buried in Stanley Military Cemetery.Subsequent operations. Dongjiang guerillas fighting inbecame the first Japanese governor of Hong Kong. This ushered in the three years and eight months of Imperial Japanese administration. During the over three and a half years of occupation by the Japanese, an estimated 10,000 Hong Kong civilians were executed, while many others were tortured, raped, or mutilated.

The, a mix of Hakka, Cantonese and other Han Chinese groups, waged a guerrilla war with limited success. The were known as the Gangjiu and Dongjiang forces. The Japanese razed several villages in reprisal; the guerillas fought until the end of the Japanese occupation. General Takashi Sakai, who led the invasion of Hong Kong and served as governor for some time, was tried as a war criminal and executed by a firing squad in 1946.

Awards. Memorial plaque dedicated to all the defenders of Hong Kong in December 1941 through John Robert Osborn and to commemorate the British Garrison at Hong Kong. (2 January 1899 – 19 December 1941) was awarded the. After seeing a Japanese grenade roll in through the doorway of the building Osborn and his fellow Canadian Winnipeg Grenadiers had been garrisoning, he took off his helmet and threw himself on the grenade, saving the lives of over 10 other Canadian soldiers. He was born in Norfolk, England.

was a posthumously awarded the, the 'animals' Victoria Cross', in 2000 for his deeds in World War II, the first such award in over 50 years. He picked up a thrown Japanese hand grenade and rushed with it toward the enemy, dying in the ensuing explosion but saving the lives of several wounded Canadian soldiers. Colonel, Captain and Flight Lieutenant were awarded the for the gallantry they showed in resisting Japanese torture in the immediate aftermath of the battle. The men had been captured and were in the process of planning a mass escape by British forces. Their plan was discovered but they refused to disclose information under torture and were shot by firing squad.Commemoration. TheThe in commemorates the defence as well as war-dead from the First World War. The shield in the colonial granted in 1959, featured the battlement design to commemorate the defence of Hong Kong during the Second World War.

This Coat of Arms was in place until 1997, when it was replaced by the regional emblem. After the war, Lei Yue Mun Fort became a training ground for the British Forces until 1987, when it was vacated. In view of its historical significance and unique architectural features, the former decided in 1993 to conserve and develop the fort into the.

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For example, if you know the smaller number to be 610 the calculator will figure out the large number (≈987) for you.The app also has sequencers that will generate a list of golden numbers or Fibonacci numbers for you. One feature checks your two numbers to see if they form a golden ratio. Publisher DescriptionFind a golden ratio, make a list of golden and Fibonacci numbers. The second feature will fill in a side of the ratio if you don't know it. Phicalculator for mac. Convert pixels.Calculator Phi is a calculator that does simple arithmetic but with two additional features.

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We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong's Defenders Imprisoned, 1942–1945. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

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at the PDF (archived from on 2008-05-28). at the PDF (299 KB) (Archived version as of 24 August 2006). by. Archived from on 28 October 2009.

Retrieved 21 March 2005. Hong Kong's defences in 2019.